worship

Prepare for Worship

February 9, 2021 By Ben Zornes Leave a Comment

Have you ever seen a theatrical performance where all the actors have clearly invested a lot of time to know their parts? The show’s going off without a flaw, and then one actor enters the stage who doesn’t know his lines or stage directions, and keeps ruining key scenes.

Unfortunately, that actor’s glaringly bad “performance” will become the thing which is remembered. I bring that up not merely to say, “don’t be that guy,” but also to highlight what our corporate worship ought to be. The Reformation restored the work of worship to the people, the congregation. Worship isn’t a performance of people up on stage, while the audience watches.

Rather, we are the performers. We are the actors. We are the set. Which means that our corporate worship requires work. It takes attentiveness. It takes preparation.

First off, and above all, it demands that we come in the right garments: the righteousness of Christ. Knowing that our filthy works of self-righteousness are odious to Him. But as we come to God, to bring our worship, and are dressed in Christ’s righteousness by faith, we are filled with His Spirit to render good works which God accepts. These songs we will sing, these prayers we will offer, the Word which we will hear, these tithes we will give, the Supper we will take are good works which God has called us to.

So, know your part. We print next week’s songs in the bulletin and post them on the church website/app, so work on the songs beforehand as a family so as not to be caught off-guard. Get the ironing done Saturday so that you’re not scrambling for clean trousers on Sunday morning. Do all this so that together, as the congregation of the Lord, we execute this service of praise to the Lord as a thing of glory.

Another Inch Forward

February 2, 2021 By Ben Zornes Leave a Comment

When a nation goes to war, it does no good to rally their resources and spill the blood of their sons just to grow squeamish at the first sign of resistance. They must persistently engage the enemy until the battle is won.

The battle of Iwo Jima is a remarkable instance of this. It was of vital importance to capture that strategic outpost. Many days, the goal was simply to inch forward to a slightly better position to fire upon the enemy. Slowly, after a month of grit & determination to win, by crawling forward inch by inch, the U.S. troops finally bested the enemy.

Worship is warfare. We’re in locked battle with those who worship Humanity. Their sacrament is the abortion of babies and the satiation of their various lusts, their songs are political slogans, their prayers are cancel campaigns, their righteousness is found in good works (as defined by current sentiments).

Our weekly worship is in direct conflict with this false religion. We are forgiven for sins by the sacrificial death of God’s own Son. We lift songs of praise to the only Source of true delight. We offer prayers to One who made every star and grain of sand.

The enemy will oppose us, but we must not be turned aside. Our worship culminates in this meal. Here we are fortified for the fight at our daily posts as husbands, wives, sons, daughters, students, teachers, employers, and employees.

Inch by inch, week by week we advance Christ’s Kingdom. This meal is like another charge into enemy ranks. In this bread which is the body of the Lord, and this wine which is the blood of the only sufficient sacrifice for sin, God is lifted up. God in Christ is held forth to you. And as He is lifted up, His enemies are scattered (Ps. 68:1).

So come in faith and welcome to Jesus…

God Wants You to Fight

January 9, 2021 By Ben Zornes Leave a Comment

Did you know God wants you to fight? Now He doesn’t want us to fight each other. He doesn’t want us to fight and hurt widows or orphans. But he does want us to fight sin, to fight bad guys, to fight evil in us and around us.

How do we fight evil? Not with swords or guns first (maybe later). We first fight by trusting Jesus, worshipping Him joyfully at church each Sunday, loving our neighbor, and praying daily “thy kingdom come.” That is how God wants us to fight.

A Psalty Sense of Justice

July 8, 2020 By Ben Zornes Leave a Comment

The other day I tweeted something that I suppose you might say, took off:

A generation grew up singing about God's sloppy wet kisses in youth group instead of God's great mercy & justice as found in the Psalter; then we wonder why they joined the woke mob.
— Ben Zornes (@benzornes) June 30, 2020

The conversation (if that is what you call a comment thread on social media) sifted out into a few camps, and I want to take this opportunity to expand on the original tweet.

The first camp came rushing to the defense of the song alluded to. The second camp thought my tethering of mushy worship ballads to looters in Chicago was like a VW Beetle towing a F150 up a Montana logging road at 55mph with a 40ft. rope. To put that in more boring terms, they thought I’d made a stretch. The third camp disagreed with me, arguing that the over-sentamentalized church music of the last 50 years has infected Boomers and––as a result––their children (in resentment) have joined the social justice mobs.

Now, as Inigo Montoya would say, “Let me ‘splain.”

Objection 1

The song itself––”How He Loves”––was not the point of my original statement. But the song is quite illustrative of a tendency within modern worship songs to sensualize our piety. This isn’t anything new, per se, as this sort of “language of lovers” is found in the Zwinglian corners of historic Reformed hymnody. But the problem in our modern context is that the utilization of the language of lovers is used to such an overwhelming, never-ending, reckless way that in the mind of the worshipper Jesus is reduced to a spiritual boyfriend.

“How He Loves” is the epitome of this sort of worship song. There is a now famous line in it: “Heaven meets earth like a sloppy wet kiss” (which are in fact the original lyrics). Some who recognize the impropriety of such language in reference to the Lord Most High, have reworked the lyrics to not offend Grandma in the back row (who still is a bit skeptical of these new fangled choruses).

But when we come to Christ, we come to Him as our brother, our friend, our bridegroom, and above all, our King. While our affections are to be stirred in our worship of the Lord Jesus, they must be godly affections. Our worship in song is not to be only emotional. The trap in modern worship is to evoke feelings at any cost, regardless of the theological content of what we’re singing.

Some pointed out that scripture (particularly Song of Solomon) has highly erotic language describing the relationship of the Bridegroom with the Church. The difference is that Scripture comes to us as a united whole. We sing “I am a worm and no man (in Psalm 22:6)” along with “let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth (Sng. 1:2)”. Modern worship songs croon about Christ the bridegroom/lover to the exclusion of other themes.

In full disclosure, I led the song in question––and others similar to it––which I regret having used as corporate worship songs. Mea culpa. Over time, I came to see that such expressions were not helpful in fostering the aforementioned godly affections. Instead, I noticed that the fruit of these songs was what I came to call emotional masturbation.

Objection 2

This inflamed emotionalism is how we arrived at the place where this generation––raised on songs which did not inform their mind as well as stir godly affections––seeing injustices and being malnourished in that quarter they instead found a sense of justice by following the emotional mobs of worldly vengeance and vigilante justice. These youth who grew up in the church were not shaped by the mercy and justice of God which is declared in the Psalms, they were shaped by a mindset that worship = club music/love ballads.

As I’ve recently said elsewhere:

Worship in modern evangelical parlance has come to mean, almost exclusively, music. To be more exact, the sort of music that consists of three chords and the truth, give or take a chord, and give or take the truth.
Worship Like You’re told

You cannot feed on a diet of emotionalism and not end up with an atrophied sense of what God demands and desires in our worship of Him. He desires mercy, not sacrifice. He desires us to walk humbly and do justice. He doesn’t call us to come into His presence in order for us to get a tingly spine. Your hot yoga class can accomplish that just fine.

God calls you to come into His presence as a living sacrifice. He calls you to walk in view of His mercy. He calls you to sing about His justice, which includes asking Him to bring vengeance upon His and our enemies (in the imprecatory Psalms). The Psalter teaches us to see that we are captives in need of deliverance, and so we learn to turn to Him alone to save us. It teaches us to think about the themes of creation (and how God made the world…you know with male and female as the only genders…but that’s another wasp nest I’ll whack some other time). It teaches us to think in terms of redemption and restoration coming from God’s hand alone, since no man is righteous, not a one.

Our sung prayers, especially as we sing the Psalms, help us to see that God is the great Avenger of His people, but they must walk in faithfulness to His Law. And then the New Testament helps us to recognize that the Law only exposes our sinfulness. Which is why we need to sing about the blood of Jesus.

We’ve raised a generation on vapid lyrics full of emotional language, orgasmic chord progressions, and plopped on top of that saccharine beverage a dollop of pop-psychology sermonettes by preacherettes. We’ve taught our children that they aren’t mature enough to sit through an adult service, and so we’ve taught them that whatever content is contained in a “grown up service” isn’t for them. When they grow up, they find that there is substantially no difference between their youth pastor’s sermons and the senior pastor’s sermons, the only difference is the sermon illustrations are more for Boomers.

But their gender diversity counselor at the community college points out a lot of the inequities, problems, injustices, and discrepancies that are present in our nation/culture. Their pastor is telling them to unhitch from the OT. Their humanities professor is telling them that Marx was right. And because their diet of worship has been ha-la-la-le-lu-jah x10, they do not have the immune system to fight the socialist bug. So, there they are manning the barricade of CHOP, or supporting BLM’s satanic form of justice.

Objection 3

I have some real sympathy with the final objection raised to my tweet. I agree that Boomers have just as willfully gone along with much of the inanity of our modern worship nonsense. They couldn’t stomach the hot gospel of Calvin, Knox, or Watts; so they opted for the self-help that felt much cozier ’cause it sounded like what Dr. Phil was saying.

As I mentioned earlier, these Millennials and Zoomers came (or are coming) of age, and see that there isn’t much of a difference between their youth group antics and the “adult service.” Which tells them that mom and dad just wanted to get away from them. These kids were told that God the Father “just gushed over them with luuuv,” but then they came to see that Mom and Pop sure didn’t overflow with love to them.

So, they hungered for a father’s love. But the patriarchy, they were told, should be smashed. It has been replaced with the bloodlust of bitterness and vindictive vengeance. So, yes, we sent our children to youth group to sing ooey-gooey love ballads, and when they found out that we did so to get away from them, it shouldn’t be Breaking News on CNN to find out that they ran to the arms of the Father of Lies.

So Come to the Father

But the love of Father God is strong.

It cannot stand injustice. It cannot stand a stubborn knee in the neck of a man pleading for mercy and receiving instead a death sentence without a fair trial. The Father’s love teaches us to ask Him to “defend the poor and fatherless: do justice to the afflicted and needy (Ps. 82:3).” The Father’s love cannot stand hypocrisy of using tax dollars to slaughter unborn black babies. The Father’s love refuses to tolerate the shame that is fatherless homes for Whites, Blacks, Asians, or any other ethnicity.

The Father’s love cannot be separated from the blinding light of being pleased to crush His own Son, the only innocent man who ever lived, so that you and I might be forgiven. The love of God assures us that all our animosity, guilt, shame, and sin are tossed in the sea, and God promises to not remember our sins against us (Ps. 79:8).

The Father of Lies will always demand another victim, another oppressor to overthrow, another stone to cast at someone other than ourselves. The Father of Light gave us the true victim, to suffer in our place, so that we might come to Him as adopted Sons and Daughters.

The church desperately needs to return to the Word, and find there the great love and justice of God as proclaimed in the simple Gospel news. You and I are condemned sinners. But God, through Christ’s sacrificial work, offers forgiveness for all our sin, and promises to welcome to Himself those from every nation and tribe who come to Him in repentance and faith. So sing the Psalter. Preach the Gospel. And get a Psalty sense of justice.

Corralling the Kids As an Act of Worship

September 19, 2018 By Ben Zornes Leave a Comment

Lord of the Flies Church

A number of years ago I led worship at a “family-integrated” service. What I took from this experience was that “family-integrated” meant let the kids run absolutely wild, while the adults pretended not to see the wrestling match over in the corner. No really…there was a “Cowboys and Indians” game being played during the service. Having grown up in churches where you had Sunday School before church, and then everyone but little babies went to the main service, this breed of “family-integration” was new for me. That species of “family-integration,” in other words, was something I would not have wanted to align myself with.

However, later on, when I was helping to start a church, we made the decision to encourage families to keep their children with them during the service. A decision that could very well be termed “family-integration.” I’m grateful to now minister in a church where the normal arrangement is for the whole family to pile into a row to sing, hear the Word, and take the Lord’s Supper together. Some may call it “family-integrated.”

The question arose recently amongst my Social Media circle as to what my views were on keeping children in the worship service. My flinch is, “Of course keep them in the service.” Now, bear in mind, what I am envisioning when I think of children participating in the service is not the Lord of the Flies church I mentioned at the beginning.

What I am envisioning is something more akin to my childhood memories: being told to sit still, perhaps coloring, or once older jotting down notes or doodles of what I heard the pastor preaching. It seems odd that a Christian family would set out to raise their children in the nurture and admonition of the Lord, only to send mixed signals to their children that they aren’t yet old enough to worship the Lord. So first, a defense of keeping your kiddos with you in a worship service. Second, some practical suggestions.

Bring the Kids Along

We have quite the number of OT precedents for the worship of God being a family affair. In Deuteronomy 31:12, Moses gave directions for frequent readings of the law:

“Gather the people together, men, and women, and children, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the LORD your God, and observe to do all the words of this law.”

This text implies not only a reading but also an accompanying explanation of what was read, i.e. a sermon. Ezra seems to be following this precedent when he reads the Torah to the people in Nehemiah 8:2 (see also Ezra 10:1 where children are specifically included in one of these gatherings):

“And Ezra the priest brought the law before the congregation both of men and women, and all that could hear with understanding, upon the first day of the seventh month.”

Jehoshaphat also called together an assembly of the people Judah, and children are reckoned as being in that multitude (2 Chr. 20:13). Joel prophesying of the coming “day of the Lord” calls for a solemn assembly:

“Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the elders, gather the children, and those that suck the breasts: let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber, and the bride out of her closet (Joel 2:16).”

On the day of Pentecost, Peter preached to a great multitude of foreign born Jews, and one of the primary OT texts he used was from that same section from Joel. Peter proclaims that Joel was prophesying about that day, the day of Pentecost (Cf. Acts 2:16-21). Peter assures them that the OT promises are for them and their children (Acts 2:38-39).

A final NT place to look for family inclusion is at the Ephesian church’s “send-off” for the Apostle Paul; note who was there. It was not only the elders in attendance, but their wives and children. This special prayer service was attended by families (Acts 21:5).

This is good Scriptural precedent for thinking of our corporate worship as being a gathering for all the saints, both young and old. Further, much of the modern discomfort with having children sit through a worship service is largely because we have adopted an unscriptural view of child-rearing.

Self-discovery has become the goal of parenting, and this inherently leads to expecting that children should be entertained, happy, and comfortable at all times. Another contributing factor is our culture’s stigma of children as inconvenient. This thinking has crept into church circles, and we whisk the kids off to be entertained by childish songs, told Bible stories where Christ is extracted from them and in His place is some moralistic duty, and where the children are taught they deserve to have a “good time.” Rather than teaching our children to grow to maturity, we have accommodated their immaturity.

Both Old and New Testaments make it quite plain that the worship of God and discipleship of the nations is to be done in the context of family life. So, it seems odd to exclude our children from coming to join with their brothers and sisters in Christ––of all ages––simply because we are worried they might cause a ruckus. What is more likely, is that we’re concerned they’ll embarrass us.

The Din of the Saints

Now for some practicals. The challenge of bringing your children into the worship service is an especially poignant challenge for those of us with wee ones. Toddlers are naturally more squirmy, want to explore, and fuss when their desires are thwarted by a parents strong arms holding them on the lap. So, how do you teach them to listen, participate, and grow in understanding what’s happening? Well, quite simply, they won’t learn if they aren’t present. Once you commit to wrangling the kiddos during the service, you need to remember a few things.

The noise your kids make is always more noticeable to you than for everyone else. You’re focused on them after all, and you probably won’t notice the crying baby on the other side of the sanctuary. I had this revelation one Sunday when the plague had descended upon our home and only I went to church. I imagined that if my kiddos had been there, in our usual spot, and I could be in two places at once, I would just hear the “din” of the service. Their noises are my responsibility, but their noises are just a portion of the joyful noise of a gathered body.

My wife and I work to teach our children to use a “church voice”, not fuss, and sit reasonably still. But all with the goal of teaching them to love and enjoy God and His people.

Make a point of practicing for church throughout the week. Teaching your family the songs your church sings, while encouraging your children to sit still in the safety of the living room is a great way to help the whole family look forward to worshipping together on the Lord’s Day. When you have family prayer or Bible time, don’t belabor it by expositing the entire 9th chapter of Romans for your four-year-old. But make it long enough to be a training ground for the littles to learn the discipline of self-controlled sitting.

Further, my wife and I work to make sure to rehearse with our children why we go to church. We remind them on Saturday night, “Why do we go to church?” They respond, “To worship God.” If their answer is, “To not wiggle or fuss, and by no means embarrass mom and dad,” our emphasis has gone cattywampus. We do teach them not to wiggle or fuss, but we want to emphasis what they can and should do, not what they shouldn’t.

What they should do is sing loud, say hearty amens, learn the creeds we recite, listen to the Bible, and get excited when the bread and wine is coming down our row. Throughout the service, I ask my two year old boy questions about what’s happening in the service. I remind him what to say and when. I ask him where the pastor is and what the bread and wine remind us of. At the end of each song I tell him, “Say amen.” He has mastered the art of loudly offering his amen with all the other saints. During the songs I help him clap the beat of the song so he is learning the rhythm of the songs, even if he doesn’t know all (or any) of the words.

If they grievously misbehave, I’ll swiftly take them to the restroom (or at our church there is a discipline room available), and give them a discipline. We strive, however, to make sure that church doesn’t become “the place where we get a ton of spankings.”

There are of course plenty of other practical odds and ends:

Make sure you get your kids to bed early on Saturday, so they have a good night of rest before church on Sunday.
Give ’em a good breakfast so their rumbly tummies aren’t a cause of stumbling. Perhaps have minimal snacks if they do grow too restless…
Don’t bring the toy box to church. For infants and toddlers a small toy may be appropriate to help them stay occupied, but this is something you want to grow them out of as soon as you can.
Our 5 year old brings pencils and paper and is only allowed to use them during the sermon, and she is supposed to try to draw something which the preacher is talking about. Our 2 year old sits on my lap, and I doodle for him on a blank page, or let him look at a Bible story book.

You Wrangle the Toddlers. God Wrangles You!

Finally, I think we have this misconception that unless you can hang on every word of the sermon, or hit every note of every song, that somehow the worship service will do you no good. Thus, we’re tempted to remove the seeming distraction of wrangling our small children. I like to jest that while I’m wrangling my toddlers, God is wrangling me.

I view every “hush”, every reminder not to wiggle, every distraction that comes with having wee ones in the worship service as a part of my worship to God. Now this doesn’t mean we should justify noisy, misbehaving kids. Again…no Lord of the Flies church please! However, my deepest desire for my children is to trust, love, and obey Christ. I want them to be mindful of their union to Christ’s body, the whole congregation of saints. My children are brothers and sisters in Christ, and I want to worship our Lord and Savior with them. They must see how precious and of utmost importance Christ is to me, and how better than in “going up to Zion” each Lord’s Day with them. So, offer up to the Lord the offering of the family rodeo in your row, and trust that God is working in you and in your children a reward of inestimable worth.

Book Review: “The Lord’s Service” by Jeffrey Meyers

July 31, 2018 By Ben Zornes Leave a Comment

The Lord’s Service: The Grace of Covenant Renewal Worship by Jeffrey J. Meyers
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

Meyers’ work here is a really helpful primer on how to biblically order our corporate worship services. He exegetes scripture to show how certain Old Testament precedents should be carried on in our New Testament worship, as well as showing how our worship––now in Christ––should be patterned after the sacrifices of the Mosaic law (cf. Rom. 12:1-2). Meyers also provides insight into historic context for why the Church has continually observed certain practices time and time again.

The shallowness of much of our modern worship services is largely due to lackadaisical thoughtlessness. We rarely ask how God’s Word describes and proscribes how our congregational worship should be ordered. Some may bristle at the notion of ordering or establishing a set liturgy, thinking this “boxes out” the Spirit. However, even in the most spontaneous Pentecostal church, there will inevitably emerge a routine and pattern for our regular meetings. We can either be deliberate and purposeful, or mindless and willy-nilly.

Meyers argues for “covenant renewal” worship. This orders the way in which worship in accordance with the Word, and centers upon the shared meal of the Lord’s Supper. In this way, we are frequently reminded of the covenant of Grace which the Gospel proclaims to us. Overall, this book was a wonderful defense of such an approach to Lord’s Day worship. There are a few points where I would depart from Meyers’ suggested practices, but on the whole, a really worthwhile read.
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The Demons Among Us

July 6, 2018 By Ben Zornes Leave a Comment

Let me go over the game film with you. The last 2-3 years have been quite the ride for Americans in general and American Evangelicals in particular. The 2016 presidential campaign, President Trump, the #MeToo movement, growing cultural turmoil of gender/sexuality issues, and the continual cycle of liberal outrage countered by “conservative” bluster. We have sure been busy haven’t we?

With each new day it seems there is some controversy, scandal, or issue which immediately fractures “us” into camps. Without commenting on the particular events which trigger this ceaseless cycle of outrage-mongering, I do want to point out our opponent’s strategies and tactics.

Our society over the last couple generations has adopted what they believe to be a godless worldview. Truth is what you make of it. Morality is decided democratically. Right and Good are defined by your nerve endings. This system of thought is what we have come to call Humanism. Another name for it might be the belief in Human Autonomy. Another term for it is raw sewage.

Humanism’s underlying premise is that man is autonomous. Meaning, man is not dependent on God for life, morality, and ultimately salvation. Man can decide his own morality. Man can determine his own destiny. Man can define his purpose. Man is the answer for all his problems.

The problem with this thinking is that inevitably––and here is where we are at in the game––mankind comes to disagree with each other as to which road to take, which standard to apply, which morality to abide by. Humanism works its way, like a tar from a cigarette, into the society’s bronchial tubes. At which point the demons of lung cancer are unleashed. Humanism is accompanied by all variety of demons, but two in particular are having a great time as of late: faction and feuding. We’ve come to believe that truth is whatever you want it to be, and now we have been successfully pitted against each other in an eye-for-eye feud. Each faction vying to destroy the other.

Here is why we see such vehement strife in American culture. We ripped out the capstone of the arch and wonder why the left side and right side are tumbling into each other. Neither side can support itself, but each side is insisting that it has a point of cohesion which the other side must adhere to. The irony is that both camps are assuming their own autonomy. They are assuming that nature is all there is. Without God the Son there is no cohesion point in the universe that can prevent the demise of humanism. Humanism is pride, and pride always comes to destruction.

A society where each man is a god unto himself is certain to eventually crumble. The gods are always easily offended, and when they are angry they demand blood, they demand vengeance, they demand a sincere apology for insensitive remarks. You cannot insist that each person should discover themselves, follow their heart, and “do you” and then be surprised when the eventually civil war breaks out. Man is too feeble to hold things together.

This is why Christian worship of the Triune God is vital. When believers gather each Lord’s Day for worship, Word, and sacrament, we are making a defiant statement of our unwillingness to worship idols. We are insisting that Christ is the “uni” around which the universe revolves. We have a point of unity which humanism never can. Humanism looks inward for guidance, fulfillment, and salvation. Christianity points us to the only Man who was ever clean of unrighteousness. Humanism insists man doesn’t need God; Christianity insists that God became a man in order to reunite mankind with God Almighty––Father, Son, Spirit. Our weekly worship is a reminder that every true believer has died in Christ’s death, and no longer lives unto himself. Instead, it is Christ Who lives within.

Christianity is the death of feuding and faction, because vengeance is satisfied, offenses are passed over, and sin is satiated. All because the righteous sacrifice of the Lord Jesus’ shed blood. Every Sunday we remember that all our little individual religions, all our altars to self, are in ruins, desecrated, destroyed and tossed into the grave. But better still, we celebrate a resurrection which binds all believers together in Christ. We have more than what faction can offer, i.e. mere fraternity. Christ offers fellowship. Fellowship with Him, and in Him we are brought to enjoy the fullness of the Godhead, and we are joined with all the saints of all ages. Humanism will always end in ashes and death. Christ offers a resurrection.

Book Review: “Worship” by Hughes Oliphant Old

October 5, 2017 By Ben Zornes Leave a Comment

Worship: Reformed According to Scripture by Hughes Oliphant Old
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

Old is very skilled at tracing the history of certain practices, doctrines, and traditions. Throughout this book, he devotes a chapter to various elements of Christian worship (preaching, sacraments, psalm & hymn singing, etc.) and demonstrates how they developed over time and how the Church in various ages understood and taught regarding those various practices. He doesn’t shy away from pointing out where there was error or misunderstanding. Old’s writing style is dense but not tedious, rich rather than technical. This was quite enjoyable, informative, and I’d highly commend it to those who enjoy history, and especially to those who are in Church leadership. Our calling is to worship God, so we ought to do so according to Scripture; Old does a marvelous job of demonstrating how Christian worship has comes down to us through history and where it is in alignment with Scripture, and where our worship may need some reformation.
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